4.8 Genomics:

The term Genome (introduced by H.Winkler in 1920) is the total genetic constitution of an organism. Alternatively, it is a complete copy of genetic information (DNA) or one complete set of chromosomes (monoploid or haploid) of an organism.

The term Genomics (term coined by T.H. Roderick in 1986) is the study of genomes through analysis, sequencing and mapping of genes along with the study of their functions.

The sequencing of yeast, Drosophila and mouse genome was done in order to facilitate comparative studies between humans and other organisms commonly used for genetic studies, in laboratory.

Several additional genomes are now either actively being sequenced or strongly considered for sequencing. These include several microbes, bee, tomato and other crops.

Genomics study may be classified into two types:

a. Structural genomics: It involves mapping, sequencing and analysis of genome.

b. Functional genomics: It deals with the study of functions of all gene sequences and their expression in organisms.

 

Application of genomics:

Structural and functional genomics is used for different purposes in the improvement of crop plant, human health and livestock.

The knowledge and understanding acquired from genomics research can be applied in a number of different sectors, including medicine, biotechnology and social sciences. It helps in the treatment of genetic disorders through gene therapy.

• Genomics is used in agriculture to develop transgenic crops having more desirable characters.

• Genetic markers developed in genomics, have applications in forensic analysis.

• Genomics can lead to introduce new gene in microbes to produce enzymes, therapeutic proteins and even biofuels.